The name octave is also used to indicate the span between a note and another with double frequency. The eighth note, or octave, is given the same name as the first, but has double its frequency. A few European countries, including Germany, adopt an almost identical notation, in which H substitutes for B (see below for details). However, in English- and Dutch-speaking regions, pitch classes are typically represented by the first seven letters of the Latin alphabet (A, B, C, D, E, F and G). In traditional music theory, most countries in the world use the solfège naming convention DoâReâMiâ∿aâSolâLaâSi, including for instance Italy, Portugal, Spain, France, Poland, Romania, most Latin American countries, Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Russia, and all the Arabic-speaking or Persian-speaking countries. Because of that, all notes with these kinds of relations can be grouped under the same pitch class. Two notes with fundamental frequencies in a ratio equal to any integer power of two (e.g., half, twice, or four times) are perceived as very similar.
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